What are the effects of icing on aircraft performance?

Icing on aircraft has significant effects on performance, and the correct choice highlights critical aspects of this phenomenon. When ice accumulates on an aircraft, it disrupts the smooth airflow over the wings and other surfaces. This disruption results in a reduction of lift, as the ability of the wings to generate lift is compromised when they are not clean and aerodynamically efficient.

Furthermore, the presence of ice increases the overall drag on the aircraft. This added drag requires more engine power to maintain speed and can adversely affect fuel efficiency. The increase in drag is primarily due to the rough surface created by the ice, which causes turbulent airflow rather than smooth airflow over the wing.

Additionally, ice can add weight to the aircraft, as it accumulates on various surfaces. This increase in weight further complicates flight performance, as greater lift is required for the aircraft to ascend and maintain altitude.

Understanding these effects—reduction of lift, increase in drag, and increase of weight—is crucial for pilots and engineers to ensure safety and efficiency in flight operations under icy conditions.