What does P factor describe in terms of propeller dynamics?

The P factor describes the asymmetrical thrust produced during flight, particularly in multi-bladed propellers. This phenomenon occurs due to the difference in angle of attack between the ascending and descending blades of the propeller. When the aircraft is in a climb or during high angles of attack, the propeller blades on the descending side create more thrust compared to those on the ascending side. This imbalance leads to a yawing motion that needs to be controlled during flight.

Understanding P factor is essential for pilots, especially when operating at low speeds or high angles of attack, as it significantly affects the aircraft's handling characteristics. The other options do not accurately define what P factor relates to; for example, the angle of attack pertains more generally to the wing's performance rather than the thrust asymmetry specific to propellers.